Local capacity and resilience to flooding: community responsiveness to the community ratings system program incentives
نویسنده
چکیده
Historically, flooding has resulted in considerable losses, both in property damage and lives lost, throughout the world. According to a report by Guha-Sapir et al. (2013), 53 percent of the total number of victims of natural disasters worldwide in 2012 was victims of floods. Data from the International Disaster Database (2013) likewise show that flooding affects millions of people1 and causes billions of dollars in damage yearly2 . The United States annually averaged 95 fatalities and $8.20 billion in damages from floods between 1982 and 2011 (National Weather Service (NWS) 2013). In the United States, flooding makes up 80 percent of presidentially declared disaster losses (Landry and Li 2012). In the light of changing climates and increases in precipitation and sea level rise (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2012; Ludy and Kondolf 2012; Kousky et al. 2013), and commensurate increases in flood damages (Major et al. 2014), there is a concomitant need to manage flood disaster risks.
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